DivKid suggested the book Designing Sound by Andy Farnell on the most recent Sonic Talk #522.
The book according to DivKid goes through the basic mathematics and algorithms of sound creation. The algorithms are all presented for the Pure Data graphical programming environment, which you can get for free. Pure Data is pretty close to Max and Max for Live so you’ll learn some of that with this too.
There is a seven chapter downloadable excerpt from the book to get started, also free:
Al this information can be easily adapted to a non-graphical environment as well, like Python (also free), with a little very educational effort.
All this stuff is free, which is a good thing, 'cuz some of us around here are quite happily synth poor!