most average carbon resistors have a tolerance of 20% which with a max rating of 10 could possibly push it out to 12v, very specific tolerances are more expensive to manufacture and therefore cost more to use so most non essential circuits will use the bare minimum. Similarly, most average capacitors are manufactured with a tolerance of 20% except when precision is very important. It’s possible the thing blew up, but based on tolerances it’s also possible that it didn’t.
edit: regarding the following statements, per thermionic, there may simply be an issue with a poor fit between the factory dc jack and barrel supply, could have nothing to do with the inability to power on
The original issue with the unit powering down when the power connector was moved indicates the power input may have been damaged prior to any of this. Was the unit dropped or accidentally pushed hard up against a wall with the power connector still inserted? Did anything happen when you took it out of the house or did you travel with it in a bag, with the power plug still inserted? It’s possible there is physical damage to the plug socket.
Or, as was mentioned, it’s possible the voltage exceeded the tolerance range and something got fried. There are too many variables to casually troubleshoot the issue. First thing you need to do is use your nose, smell the area around the plug in, does it smell of burnt plastic or have an odor of burned electronics components? next visually inspect the plug area with a bright light, like your phone flashlight, do you see anything loose? if you gently try and move the center pin of the DC in charge port (like gently, using a pen cap or something) does the center pin move? can you see the metal piece along the side when you look into it, the part that should be touching the sleeve of the barrel jack?
If everything looks physically ok, and there is no burnt smell, if you have verified your normal wall power supply has the correct size barrel and is the original power supply and you run out of troubleshooting options, I think it’s smart to buy a volca for the summer and send your model cycles to elektron for repair, you probably won’t get much further without someone who can better assess the situation.
If you DO smell burnt smell, or something is physically moving in the charger area, that indicates damage.