Sorry if a stet a few obvious things and without commenting specifically on the particular Presonus desk in question as these things are rather consistent from one desk to another:
There isn’t a clear cut border where “mic level” ends and “line level” begins. As far as voltage, there isn’t a huge difference between what comes out when someone screams into a condenser mic or plucks a string on an electric guitar. Both will require just a few dB of gain to get to ca. 0dBu at which point the (analog) mixer’s internals are happy or the (digital) mixer’s A to D is happy.
The mic output is balanced, and the guitar is un-balanced but the mic input is perfectly happy with an unbalanced input. Most mixers are internally unbalanced anyway. It only matters if you have really long cable runs and have lots of dimmers in your studio. There is also a matter of impedence, which might matter in case of a guitar pickup but really doesn’t matter for your synths.
Some mic inputs will have gain that goes from 0dB (the preamp does not change the incoming signal’s gain) up to about +60dB. They will often have a -20dB pad to make really hot signals (such as synths) more manageable. Others (the more expensive ones, generally) will have a gain control which is variable down to -20dB rather than a switch. Most of these more expensive desks don’t have separate mic and line inputs. Just plug any source into any input and you’re fine.
This is true for both analog and digital desks as the preamp is analog anyway.
Assuming the source is a synth/sampler/soundcard it is perfectly OK to plug into those XLR sockets. If the source is too hot and you don’t have a pad, just lower the level on your synth a tad. There is no compromise in fidelity here. A cheap DI is a much bigger compromise. A cheap passive DI is an even bigger compromise. If you have the dough for 16 quality DI’s then you can afford a better mixer.
So channels 1-16 are not “sensing” anything, they just work as expected
Bodyssey outputs line level>preamp gain at 0dB> signal stays at line level. Nothing mysterious going on, no need for DI’s .